Tuesday, July 31, 2012

medicine for Amnesia: What are the dissimilar Ways Amnesia can be Addressed

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There is more than one treatment for amnesia out there depending on the root cause of the memory loss. The success of these treatments varies and is still an area of science that is a work in progress.

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Amnesia treatment is still something of a difficulty as the brain is still a difficulty to modern science. Since our understanding is slight this in turn effects how we approach medical someone of amnesia. The approach also depends on if the root cause is corporeal or psychological.

Treatment for amnesia that is based on psychological causes tends to rely heavily upon counseling techniques, hypnotherapy and in some cases drug therapy. The idea is to help the someone get past the stress, trauma or other psychological event that precipitated the blockage in memory.

The success of this amnesia treatment is somewhat dependent on the therapist being able to resolve what the event is or the duration of time the event occurred. This may involve interviewing house members or others familiar with the inpatient to see if they can shed light on what may be the root issue. The therapist may also use some general counseling to probe the private and see if they can get closer to the source. Once this is done the therapist can more effectively tailor their treatment for amnesia to match what needs to be resolved. For deeply buried root causes hypnosis or drugs may be needed, but there are many questions colse to the reliability of those methods.

Amnesia treatment for causes by corporeal sources is more problematic. Often corporeal causes of amnesia enforce corporeal damage to the brain itself. If the damage is severe adequate them medical may not be possible. While the brain can recover from some damage given time and there are those examples of head trauma where the someone recovers their memory after the brain has had time to adjust, often there is some amount of loss that is permanent.

If the corporeal damage is the result of an age related disease like Alzheimer's then treatment for amnesia is more likely to town colse to preventing supplementary memory loss rather than trying to restore what was lost. This can also involve drugs that help safe the brain or slow down the loss of memory. Side effects can be harsh though. Nausea, vomiting, loss of sleep or appetite can sometimes be caused by these drugs.

This is an area of memory loss where science is gaining some ground. There have been some studies done recently using assorted herbal supplements to combat Alzheimer's and other age related diseases that can cause amnesia. Supplements using Ginkgo Biloba, which improves blood flow to the brain as well as Bacopin and Vinpocetine which improves memory and protects nerve cells from damage may also be efficient in helping restore some memory function or halt the decline in patients with this form of loss. More explore is underway in this area as it has shown promising results.

While treatment for amnesia is often difficult due to our lack of knowledge regarding the brain, we are gaining ground. The work sometimes goes slowly, but with each step we are a slight great able to help population recover from the devastating effects of amnesia and memory loss.

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - The Approaches and Techniques Used by Therapists

Physical Therapy College - Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - The Approaches and Techniques Used by Therapists Sponser Links The content is nice quality and useful content, Which is new is that you never knew before that I do know is that I actually have discovered. Before the unique. It's now near to enter destination Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - The Approaches and Techniques Used by Therapists. And the content related to Physical Therapy College.

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There are a whole of cognitive behavioural techniques used in by pro therapists. These approaches are chosen to suit the needs and issues of the client.

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: an overview

Cognitive behavioural therapy is an advent that looks at both behavioural therapy and cognitive therapy. It looks at why habitancy think and behave the way they do and then provides them knowledge and choice.

In straightforward terms, (C) cognition is the way we realize and think, (B) behaviour is the way we react and behave and (T) therapy or convert is the formula for changing the perception and behaviour.

Common Cbt techniques include:

Exploring a client's irrational thoughts and replacing them with rational wholesome ones Stopping unhelpful irrational thoughts altogether Gradual exposure to situations and public skills training Assertiveness training

Cognitive behavioural therapy is often the main model and advent for therapists dealing with the following issues with their clients:

Anxiety and panic attacks Depression Eating disorders, predominately bulimia nervosa Phobias

The above areas and issues acknowledge well to Cbt as it is widely suitable that perception is the key to chronic convert and unnatural or irrational perceptions are the root of these conditions occurring.

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (Rebt)

Developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, rational emotive behaviour therapy (Rebt) is a form of cognitive behavioural therapy. It is a psychotherapy advent that focuses on resolving emotional and behavioural problems and disturbances.

Rebt assumes that individuals are hedonistic in that they strive to remain alive and accomplish happiness. It also assumes that individuals are also prone to irrational beliefs, thoughts and behaviours that then sway them achieving their wants and goals.

The core confidence is that individuals are disturbed by things, but not by the views that we take of them. This means that it is how we feel about something that bothers us, not the "something" itself. Therefore, if the personel can reframe the event, then it is an entirely distinct emotional effect.

Ellis believes that a client needs to convert their confidence ideas in order to deal with and carry on an emotional issue or problem. He created the Abc model: this looks at a disputing confidence ideas that questions and challenges the existing confidence system.

A - activating event
B - the confidence system
C - the consequence, cognitive, emotional or behavioural reaction

For example:

A - person is asked to have a one to one with their boss without any prior warning
B - person is afraid of the boss and person with power, as they believe they are nasty and unfair
C - person panics and acts out of character and behaves irrationally

If the boss is authentically a threatening personel who regularly reprimands staff then this consequence could be appropriate. However, if the boss is authentically very fair and agreeable then the ideas has malfunctioned and a faulty confidence exists.

The main error is regularly generalisation. For example, in this case habitancy such as managers in power are all intimidating and unreasonable. This means that the fault is often the mind over-grouping on the basis on one category.

You can then introduce D - the disputed confidence system. This allows choices and reflection in the mind to occur. The disputed confidence ideas will regularly take the first form of questions. So:

D - is my boss authentically unfair. Am I maybe scared because I have had a bed experience with a boss in the past that bullied me?

Cognitive restructuring therapy (Crt)

Cognitive restructuring therapy (Crt) was industrialized by Aaron Beck in the 1960s. Like Ellis, Beck believed that irrational beliefs were the cause of a problem.

The key doctrine of Crt is that an individual's emotional response to an event or experience is considered by the aware meaning settled on it. This means that the interpretation of what we realize is the key to our personal outcome. So, if we see, hear or consideration something, then we try and gain an insight of that thing we have noticed. This means we place a meaning or an interpretation on that thing.

Beck believed that faulty and irrational beliefs spread in a exact manner. He believed that these beliefs could spread threefold and form a triad representative of the whole confidence system. The three areas are:

The self The world The future

The self represents how the personel feels about himself or herself. This includes self-esteem, feelings of self-worth and self-image. The world is then the way the personel interacts with the rest of their experiences. So this is when the personel applies their feelings of self to the rest of the world colse to them. The personel then applies their confidence to the future. This means if they have feelings of inadequacies or other such issues, then they portray this into the image of their future.

Beck suggested that these three areas of the triad had negative effects and worsened each other as each one undermines the next in a vicious circle.

For example: an personel may feel they are not good at anything they do. They may think that as they are not excellent at everything, then they are not good at anything. This is their self-belief. They will then believe that world thinks that are not worth or any good at anything. They will portray this image onto the world colse to them. They will fear their future and believe that nothing will change.

Beck addresses this negative triad by developing adaptive metacognition. This is the process of teaching clients how to think about their feelings. This process teaches clients to consideration when their thoughts are distorted and irrational and therefore monitor their negative self-operating thoughts and make aware choices rather than allowing their inappropriate thoughts to dominate.

Cognitive restructuring therapy has industrialized two major goals as it has matured. These include:

The client learns to spot negative and inappropriate thinking whenever possible. The client will then monitor this and make the selection to substitute this thinking with more realistic and suitable interpretations of the situation When the pattern or stimulus is too powerful, the client will monitor the impulses and accept their proximity but not give in to them. For example, the client suffering from sever depression will accept that they are depressed and that they have tiny control over that, but will choose to cope the best they can and not give into despair

The first point is most usual, as for many clients their issues are psychological in cause and therefore changes can be made.

The second point is about managing the condition rather that curing it. Monitoring, awareness and self-management are all beneficial approaches to help the client suffer less.

For both categories, the key point is for the client to learn to recognize and alter their negative beliefs that lead to distortion. The therapist will help the client spot his or her own belief patterns. The realisation of this patterns empowers the client to monitor and self-manage their response and behaviour.

There are a whole of confronting approaches used in Crt as a practical technique. Some of these include:

Specific Realism of outcome Context

Attributional therapy

Attribution therapy is a recent improvement in cognitive behavioural therapy and considers the meaning we place on things, specifically what meaning or relevance the personel attributes to an event or situation.

For example: the client experiences a situation when their think they have failed. As a consequent of this they assume that they are useless in all things they do and that their failure must have happened because of a exact fault, like they are not enthralling enough. Therefore they link the event and situation to their intelligence.

These individuals will also elucidate success and personal achievement as a fluke or luck, or advise that the task was so easy anything could accomplish it. This means they continue to reinforce their key confidence that they have now formed that they are not enthralling enough.

There are two superior tools used in attributional therapy. These include:

Hand out and log sheets for clients to fill in with their thoughts. This allows them to log the patterns and analyse them Personal journals and diaries for the client to narrative their thoughts and connected subjects. Again this allows the client to analyse and recognise unavoidable patterns.

The self-instructing training (Sit) model

Within the self-instructing training (Sit) model, inoculation works by the client building up immunity to the old stresses and negative reactions and instead applying and favouring new behaviours.

The client will custom using convert techniques such as self-hypnosis and visualisation to help them become comfortable changing their old confidence into their new unavoidable belief. This will be done in steps to ensure that the client's confidence increases, with each step becoming more and more challenging.

As a client succeeds at each of this stage, then their confidence will growth and their progress will accelerate.

The Sit model is prominent to our insight of what techniques are simply used by Cbt therapists as it sets the precedent that convert techniques are a natural and suitable part of a Cbt therapist's practice. These convert techniques and models comprise self-hypnosis, visualisation and affirmations.

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Monday, July 30, 2012

Psychological and physical Effects of Stress

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Although some of the effects of stress are still unknown and debated, but 80-90% of all doctors visits these days are in part due to stress-related ailments. Stress has been linked to anxiety, panic attacks, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, digestive track diseases, etc. One thing for safe bet is that stress wrecks havoc our immune system.

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How is Psychological and physical Effects of Stress

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Stress affects us both physically and psychologically. The psychological effects of stress is more subtle, but continued stress will increase in intensity and if not treated can lead to all sorts of problems such as depression, anxiety and panic attacks. An personel who is under stress will be more quick-tempered and easy to anger. He or she will lose interest in every other aspect of life. Population who are under stress tend to find it harder to incorporate and have greater strangeness production decisions.

Both psychological and physical effects of stress are not unrelated. The result starts on your brain which then leads to impacts on your body. Two brain components: the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands lead the charge during stressful events. They release a substance called Acth (adrenocorticotropic hormone) that stimulates the adrenal gland, near the kidney, to release cortisol.

Cortisol is known as the stress hormone, it is always secreted in higher levels during the body's 'fight or flight' response to stress. Natural levels of cortisol rise and fall during the day, when it rises our body should be given the time so that it can return it to a general level. Serious problem can occur if our body's stress response is activated too often that the body doesn't have a opening to return to normal, hence resulting in a state of lasting stress.

High stress can cause a shortened attentiveness span, less productive memory recall, lowered objectivity and other thinking problems. As dire thoughts take control and race colse to the mind, potential to solve life's daily challenges in a rational way diminishes. This often leads to moodiness, anger, feelings of injustice and other emotional consequences.

Chronic stress often has detrimental effects; it often results in depression, anxiety, increased fear of failure and an comprehensive sense of doom. But those are extremes and they are by no means inevitable.

By focusing on the root cause that led to stress, evaluating the stress factors realistically and retention a sense of perspective about their consequences, stress can be reduced and even eliminated before it becomes a lasting problem. For instance, if you have an unreasonable boss and are often stressed out that it starts to take a toll on your life and family, it is time for you to put thing in a sense of perspective. Remember that job is disposable but your health and house are not.

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Sunday, July 29, 2012

Level 3 charm Therapy - correction Questions for Exam Success

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A level 3 charm Therapy policy is designed to provide students with all the skills and knowledge critical to supervene in the charm Industry.

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The following subjects may be covered;

Face & Body Electrical Treatments
Electrolysis
Body Massage
Aromatherapy

Students are required to undertake ideas papers, oral questioning and practical assessments and as a result, must be fully prepared for exam time.

There is a lot of improvement involved and therefore it is important to have a set of improvement questions to help with exam success.

The best type of questions to use, when improvement for your level 3 charm Therapy are multiple choice. With these questions you get one query with four separate answers and you must pick only one.

Some examples include;

01. Which type of skin would citrus paradisi most benefit?

a) Dry skin
b) Oily skin - Answer
c) Sensitive skin
d) Mature skin

02. Which one of the following is an supervene of deep effleurage?

a) Improves skin texture
b) Spreads the medium
c) Improves muscle tone
d) Increases lymph flow - Answer

03. When performing vacuum suction over bony areas what should you do?

a) Lighten up on pressure
b) Apply a massage oil over the area first
c) Avoid the area fully - Answer
d) growth the pressure

My guidance would be to find a study guide that includes a large set of these questions. The idea is to take a estimate of multiple option every day and learn them. Have a structured improvement plan in place so you know what area to learn and how many questions to revise. If this ideas is repeated every day then you will find passing your exams a exiguous easier.

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Friday, July 27, 2012

College Professor's wage

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Although the average College professor's wage is about ,000 per year, the whole can vary significantly. The four main factors that appear to work on a college professor's wage are the geographic location, the type of school, the particular field, and the whole of experience.

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How is College Professor's wage

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The cost-of-living can vary greatly between cities. The cost-of-living between cities can be compared using many websites. Do an internet hunt on cost-of-living. Alternatively an internet hunt with cost-of-living as the key word will find many other sites. In order to live on an equal basis, a much higher wage must be earned in Las Angeles, Ca than in Huntington, Wv. Therefore, it is understandable that the pay scale in Las Angeles is proportionately higher.

Major investigate institutions attract individuals with a higher level of expertise. This comes at a premium. In general investigate institutions pays more but expect more from their faculty than do investigate institutions. This is climate is where the phrase, "Publish or perish" originated. Although the life of a professor whose duties are primarily teaching may not be as appealing as that of a researcher, the schoraly life is less strenuous.

Certain fields traditionally examine higher salaries than others. For example, curative faculty are paid more than biologists. Faculty can earn more money if they are in fields in which there are large student enrollments coupled with relatively small numbers of powerful faculty. This includes criminal justice, nursing, education, and nutrition.

Finally, the whole of sense a professor has will help to dictate the introductory wage at an schoraly institution, as it would in the company world. If a relatively new professor is in a particular pay scale, he would be paid near the lowest of this scale whereas an private with more sense will receive a higher salary. Thus, sense counts.

It is virtually impossible to accurately predict the wage that a professor will earn at an convention because there are so many variables that "come into play". The most necessary of these variables are the geographic location, the type of school, the particular field, and the whole of experience. No one factor is more influential than the others when it comes to the starting salaries of new faculty.

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Wednesday, July 25, 2012

Chimpanzees - Towards Human and related Protections

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As scientists amass data, chimpanzees are appealing closer towards human. They are sentient, self-aware beings with strong cognitive skills and a proven potential to communicate, reason, express emotions, adapt, and even manipulate and deceive. With genetic material 98.5% identical to that of humans, chimpanzees are more similar to habitancy than gorillas. Consequently, serious ethical implications exist about chimpanzee captivity and use in laboratory experiments. Below is a close exam of chimpanzees:

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How is Chimpanzees - Towards Human and related Protections

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Chimpanzees live in areas comprising 21 African countries that encompass grasslands, dry savannah and rainforests. They often live in communities that range from 20-100 members. Two species of chimpanzee exist - the coarse chimpanzee (which has four subspecies) and the Bonobo (also known as the "pygmy chimpanzee") The old subsists on a diet of fruit and meat, the latter solely on fruit. Their average life span ranges from 40-50 years. Chimpanzees are currently listed as endangered primarily due to deforestation and poaching.

I. Brain Size/Structure/Nervous System:

Chimpanzees have a brain and nervous principles comparable to that of a human. They learn highly quickly, possess the potential to furnish creative responses, express emotions (through sounds, gestures and facial expressions), influence their surroundings, and share the same qualitative taste in pain despite a cerebral cortex that is about 1/3 the size of that in humans.

The average chimpanzee brain weighs 437 g versus 1.3 kg for the average human. When comparing brain size to body size - the Encephalization Quotient (Eq), the average chimpanzee brain registers about 2.49 (third to the 7.44 and 5.31 Eq of the average human and dolphin; the Rhesus Monkey comes in fourth at 2.09). This indicates a high-level of cognitive ability.

Both humans and chimpanzees engage in the same sleep patterns. This includes the stages of rapid-eye movement (Rem) sleep, indicating both are likely capable of dreaming.

Ii. Public Setting:

Chimpanzees are exceptionally social, consistent with humans, other great apes, dolphins and other creatures displaying high levels of intelligence.

They spend equal amounts of time on land and in trees (where they build nests to sleep, though some chimpanzees in the Fongoli savannah in southeast Senegal spend time in caves) and move from territory to territory foraging for food. Although a typical society can estimate up to 100, chimpanzees often spend time in smaller parties; mothers and their dependent children, though refuse to separate. Each chimpanzee house (to which individuals have strong bonds) is headed by an alpha or dominant male (bonobos, though are led by females) that leads them in hunting, territorial protection, and war. Each society is hierarchical in nature where compel and intelligence bring added respect. Females are the only gender that move freely in the middle of communities.

Chimpanzees enjoy prefer sharing rewards with a companion. A study by Alicia Melis at the Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda documented in Altruism 'in-built' in humans by Helen Briggs (Bbc News, 3 March 2006) found that chimpanzees recognize and value the importance of collaboration. When such collaboration was necessary in an experiment that required the simultaneous pulling of two ends of a rope to accumulate a tray of food, chimpanzees consistently excellent the optimal partner, which in Melis' words "was a level of insight [only seen in] humans."

Within their communities, chimpanzees mouth intricate Public networks where touching, grooming (which creates calm and strengthens friendships), and embracing are prominent aspects in preserving cohesiveness. Play is also an prominent part of a chimpanzee's life, especially among males when they are young.

Chimpanzees are among the few species that teach their young skills and culture (which is transferred in the middle of communities by females relocating in the middle of groups). Young chimpanzees in the middle of 6 and 8 years of age (primarily taught by their mothers) spend much of their time studying the Public skills, community's culture, and tool development through observation, imitation, and repetitious practice. At the same time, though, studies per recent studies by comparison which traits humans and apes have in coarse - and which they don't (Anne Casselman, Smithsonian.com, 11 October 2007) indicate "human children have much more sophisticated skills... Dealing with imitating another's solution to a problem, communicating non-verbally and reading the intentions [of] others."

The typical chimpanzee fertilization lasts 8 months. Young chimpanzees are weaned from their mothers by three years of age, and reach puberty threes years later. For chimpanzees, puberty lasts three years.

When it comes to rehabilitation of their dead, chimpanzees often pay frequent visits to view and grieve over the deceased's body. Afterwards, they cover it with leaves and branches before appealing on.

Iii. Multi-modal Sensory Perception:

Chimpanzees and humans utilize five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch) to comprehend the world colse to them. Sight and smell, two necessary senses utilized by chimpanzees are discussed below.

The morphological and anatomical buildings of a chimpanzee's eye is similar to that of humans. Likewise their foresight is also similar. As a result, unlike most non-primate mammals that are dicromats (their color foresight is based on two colors), primates (including chimpanzees and humans), are trichromatic. When their retinal nerves capture light, their brain utilizes three fixed wavelengths/colors to originate a rich, colored environment. As a consequence for their similar morphological and anatomical eye buildings and optic processing, chimpanzees can suffer from some of the same impairments as humans (e.g. Lucky, a male chimpanzee in Japan suffers from color blindness).

Chimpanzees have an exquisite sense of smell, which plays a necessary role in their Public interactions. Aside from facial recognition, chimpanzees use smell to recognize each other and improve their insight of another's mood since each emits a distinctive odor based on pheromones that can be found in their feces, urine, and glandular secretions.

Aside from sight and smell, chimpanzees also rely on hearing (utilizing a similar auditory range as humans), and to a lesser extent, touch and taste. It should be noted that chimpanzees, like humans, if given a choice, prefer sweets.

Iv. Shape Recognition:

Studies have shown chimpanzees, like humans are "more sensitive to concave deformation (important for constructing three-dimensional objects) than convex deformation." They also view shapes and mentally process two-dimensional objects in the same manner as humans.[1]

Based on this similarity and the similar buildings of their eye and optic processing abilities, it is likely chimpanzees can match simple and complex shapes. More research, though, needs to be done in this area.

V. Mirror Self Recognition (Msr):

The potential to possess sentience/self-awareness (to think about oneself in the bodily and mental realms) illustrates a complex level of abstract mental that uncommon among animals. Chimpanzees possess this self-awareness and are capable of symbolic thought.

Studies have shown chimpanzees can recognize themselves in a mirror and are aware of their own behavior and body. During Msr tests, chimpanzees showed they possess selective concentration (they can pay concentration to themselves in a mirror, aware they are viewing themselves instead of another animal). When chimpanzees were marked with non-toxic odorless red dye on one eyebrow and the opposite ear, they went to a mirror and carefully examined the markings on their bodies. Scientific evidence also indicates that chimpanzees and other great apes possess to some degree, "theory of other minds," in which they recognize individuals have their own beliefs. It is also highly probable that chimpanzees like dolphins and humans, can remarked the disagreement in the middle of reality and television.

Vi. Language/Communication and Emotions:

Although chimpanzees lack the vocal cords, potential to talk and make a sound for every object as humans, they spin through sounds (e.g. Barking, hooting, screaming, etc.), facial expressions (which need farranging concentration to information or viewing more than one aspect of a facial expression so that subtleties of meaning, which are not all the time obvious, are interpreted correctly), posturing, and gestures (with hands, feet, and limbs). Although the majority of chimpanzee sounds are associated to a definite emotion, some can be associated with more than one emotion. In addition, each chimpanzee, for identification reasons, has its own sure calls consistent with humans and dolphins having their own sure voices and sounds, respectively.

Chimpanzees utilize intentional communication to meet private and group needs and to carry their feelings, which are an necessary part of their Public behavior. sure communication behaviors are passed down through generations.

A brief overview of some chimpanzee emotions and their associated sounds is listed below:

1. Anger: Waa (bark)
2. Distress: Hoo
3. Enjoyment of body contact: Lip smack
4. Enjoyment of food: Aah
5. Enjoyment/Excitement: Pant (hoot)
6. Fear: Wraa or Pant (bark)
7. Hostility: Screaming

A brief overview of chimpanzee emotions and their associated facial expressions is also listed below:

1. Aggression: Display of teeth in a wide open mouth with erect facial hairs
2. Fear/Distress: Display of teeth with lips pulled back horizontally
3. Intense Fear: Full open grin
4. Playful: Slightly open mouth in a relaxed position
5. Pouting/Begging: Puckered lips as if gift a kiss
6. Submission: Horizontal puckered lips

Chimpanzees spin about "what," "where," and "who" but the past or the future. Their communication is instantaneous based on the present. However, per Deborah Fouts, co-director of the Chimpanzee and Human communication establish reported by Brandon Keim, Chimps: Not Human, But Are They People? (Wired Science, 14 October 2008), "They do remember the past [and can] understand the notion that something will happen later."

Chimpanzees are also capable of insight American Sign Language (Asl) gestures, and can learn associations in the middle of symbols, sounds, and objects without definite reinforcement or direct intervention. In the early 1970s, Washoe, a female chimpanzee followed by four other chimpanzees learned 100+ signs. Presently, Washoe can use up to 240 signs and even taught her adopted son Asl without human intervention.

Another female chimpanzee, Lucy, even recognized that word order makes a disagreement when her teacher signed to tickle him, instead following her ask to tickle her. However, it is unlikely that chimpanzees can conceptualize virtual reality from sounds and symbols as habitancy do.

However, per Valerie A. Kuhlmeier and Sarah T. Boysen, Chimpanzees recognize Spatial and Object Correspondences in the middle of a Scale Model and Its Referent (Psychological Science, Vol. 13, Issue 1, 19 March 2002), chimpanzees like young children, "are sensitive to both object and spatial-relational correspondences in the middle of a model and its referent (a someone or thing to which a linguistic expression (e.g. Word, symbol) refers)."

Facial recognition is another prominent part of communication. Consistent with humans, chimpanzees exhibit species-specific face recognition, more easily discriminating in the middle of chimpanzee faces than those of other species. However, chimpanzee infants that receive necessary exposure to human faces are good at discriminating in the middle of human faces. Per Julie Martin-Malivel and Kazunori Okada in Human and chimpanzee face recognition in chimpanzees: Role of exposure and impact on categorical perception (Psycnet, American Psychological Association, December 2007) "exposure is a necessary determinant in conspecific and nonconspecific face recognition. Furthermore, per improvement of face recognition in baby chimpanzees (Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi, et. Al. Science Direct. 20 December 2005) chimpanzee babies, consistent with human newborns, prefer to study facial patterns over non-facial patterns as they establish During their earliest days.

Chimpanzees are ordinarily affectionate creatures that show emotions towards their own as well as other species. They show concern for ill or injured members, mourn the deceased (to the point that a healthy young male died of a broken heart a few weeks after the death of his mother), show excitement and joy when playing, as well as fear and concern. Consistent with humans, chimpanzees possess emotions that last for a short period and moods that can last for longer durations. Furthermore, studies show baby chimpanzees have the same emotional range as human babies, but good self-control when it comes to uncontrollable crying. The only human emotion chimpanzees do not appear to possess is spite.

Vii. Memory:

Chimpanzees have exquisite memory systems. They can memorize faces, symbols and numbers, and learn definite behaviors that can result in whether adverse or rewarding experiences.

Consistent with humans, chimpanzees withhold a good memory of events that elicit emotions than those, which are neutral.

Chimpanzees also possess exceptional spatial memory, which per Chimps mentally map fruit trees (Matt Walker, Bbc News, 6 August 2009) enables them to remember the exact location of "a singular tree among more than 12,000 others within a patch of forest." Per Forest chimpanzees remember the location of numerous fruit trees (Emmanuelle Normant, Simone Dagui Ban, and Christophe Boesch, Animal Cognition, 31 May 2009) such spatial memory "allows [chimpanzees] to remember the location of numerous resources and use this data to settle on the most appealing resources."

In addition, chimpanzees can also make plans (debunking earlier thoughts that only humans are capable such future planning). Since 1997, Santino, a male chimp at a zoo north of Stockholm, Sweden, while calm, has repeatedly created arsenals of stones to throw at spectators for a future "dominance display." More impressively, he even figured out how to detect and break off weak pieces of concrete in his enclosure to add to his cache.

Viii. Tools and question Solving:

Chimpanzees and other great apes are effective users of crude tools (e.g Fongoli savannah chimpanzees use spears to hunt and kill bushbabies (a nocturnal primate), Congo chimpanzees use a toolkit comprised of thin "brush-tipped" sticks and leaf blades to "fish" for termites, and large clubs to break open bee hives to attain honey, Nimba Mountain (Guinea) chimpanzees use wooden cleavers, stabilizing wedges and stone anvils to crack open and chop up Treculia fruits; all utilize crumpled leaves as sponges to soak drinking water from tree hollows). In fact they have been using tools for more than 4300 years based on a discovery of stone tools (similar in size and dimension to tools used by today's chimpanzees) utilized to smash nuts (linked to species eaten by contemporary chimpanzees) in Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. Furthermore, ill or injured chimpanzees often rely on remedial or herbal plants as a remedy for curative and/or to alleviate their pain and suffering.

Analogous with tool use, chimpanzees can also infer and solve problems. through the use of abstract reasoning, they, like humans can solve problems without training (e.g. Retrieve bananas that are out of reach through purposeful logic).

When it comes to mathematics, specifically remembering numbers, young chimpanzees have outperformed college students (when the numbers stayed on a screen for.4 of a second versus.7 of second when both performed comparably) and a British memory champion, Ben Pridmore. Based on I'm the champion! Ape trounces the best of the human world in memory competition (Fiona Macrae, Mail Online, 26 January 2008), Amyumu, a 7 year-old male chimpanzee in Japan performed three times as well as Pridmore when it came to remembering the positions of numbers on a computer screen.

Ix. Art and Culture:

When given the permissible tools (e.g. Paint, paint brushes, and canvas) chimpanzees possess the talent to be exceptional artists whose abstract paintings rival some of the masters. Congo (1954-1964), a male chimpanzee painted over 400 abstracts from the age of 2 to 4 years, after picking up a pencil and drawing a line without human prodding. During a 2005 auction, three of Congo's paintings went for £14,400 while a painting by Andy Warhol (1928-1987) and a small model by French expert Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) generated insufficient interest and were withdrawn.[2] Since Congo, other chimpanzees have followed, producing equally impressive works (e.g. A female chimpanzee, Melody, creates paintings that sell for in the middle of 00 for individuals and 00 for triptychs and a predominant three year-old female chimpanzee, Asuka, has already created 90 paintings, some of which have been exhibited in Tokyo galleries).

Chimpanzees have an innate potential to remarked and enjoy music. Based on scientific studies appealing baby chimpanzees (reported by the Bbc on July 30, 2009), they, like humans, prefer consonant over dissonant music. Furthermore, when music was played to lift the spirits of chimpanzees at Mysore zoo in southern India, one who had previously performed at a circus, was observed dancing.

Chimpanzees also have preferences for television. Per Kate Baker, enrichment coordinator at the Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Atlanta, Ga, as recounted in Unneeded Lab Chimps Face Hazy future (David Berreby, The New York Times, 4 February 1997), they enjoy National Geographic shows, programs about chimpanzees and the use of tools, and shows featuring habitancy arguing.

X. Altruism/Morality:

Chimpanzees and other great apes possess a sense of morality and fairness, despite acts of barbarism During combat. Per Monkeys and apes know right from wrong, scientists say (Daily Mail Reporter, 15 February 2009) they "offer selfless help and empathize with fellow animals in times of issue [and] even appear to have consciences and the potential to feel a sense of obligation." Consistent with this empathy and selflessness, female chimpanzees mirror human behavior, playing an integral role to mediate conflicts; if two male combatants cannot resolve their differences, the females often step in and remove rocks from their hands - likely to improve their society since branch and discord bring frailness and vulnerability.

Per Emory University, Atlanta, Ga studies, chimpanzees also expect equal rewards for performing the same tasks (they sulked and refused to share any supplementary when others received greater rewards), indicative of a sense of justice and fairness. Furthermore, they were often willing to sustain others (including humans) even when there was no reward.

When a chimpanzee deviates from the community's Public code of guide it is punished collectively by the group (as illustrated by a group of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo in the Netherlands that punished chimpanzees that showed up late for dinner since none ate until all were present).

In addition, similar to humans, chimpanzees remember who did them favors (e.g. Groomed them) and who did them wrong. They are more likely to share food with the former. At the same time, chimpanzees possess the potential to forgive as described in a passage in Frans de Waal's book, Peacemaking among Primates (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Ma, 1990) - "Nikki, the leader of the group, has slapped Hennie During a passing charge. Hennie, a young adult female of nine years, sits apart for a while feeling with her hand the spot on the back of the neck where Nikkie hit her. Then she seems to forget about the incident; she lies down in the grass, staring in the distance. More than 15 minutes later, Hennie slowly gets up and walks straight to a group that includes Nikkie... [and] approaches Nikkie with a series of soft pant grunts. Then she stretches out her arm to offer Nikkie the back of her hand for a kiss. Nikkie's hand-kiss consists of taking Hennie's whole hand rather unceremoniously into his mouth. This taste is followed by a mouth-to-mouth kiss."

Furthermore, chimpanzees also have the potential to accomplish altruistic acts even if most are minuscule to cases where another actively seeks help. Examples are as follows:

1. When Knuckles who was born in 1999 with cerebral palsy, a debilitating health (that afflicts 5,000-10,000 babies per year in the United States) that impairs mobility (prior to therapy, he would sit in place and only eat when fed), was introduced to other chimpanzees housed at the town for Great Apes, Wauchula, Fl, a sanctuary for orangutans and chimpanzees, they were cognizant of his condition. They consistently treated him with kindness and gentleness (e.g. Spending time sitting with him, playing with him, and grooming him).

2. Per Scientist Finds the Beginnings of Morality in Primate Behavior by Nicholas Wade (The New York Times, 20 March 2007), "Chimpanzees, who cannot swim, have drowned in zoo moats trying to save others," and often "console the loser" after a fight in the middle of two combatants.

3. A study by Felix Warneken and his colleagues at the Max Planck establish for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany published in the June 27, 2007 issue of New Scientist (Chimps may display genuine altruism by Nora Schultz) found that 67% of semi-wild chimpanzees altruistically assisted an unfamiliar human who had been struggling to reach a stick even though they had to climb a 2½-meter rope with no reward. In addition, another group of chimpanzees, taught to unpeg a chain and open a door, consistently did so for chimpanzees whom they were unfamiliar with, when they attempted to open the door without success.

4. A study by Japanese researchers at Kyoto University's Primate study establish (Kyoto, Japan) published in National Geographic (Chimps Display Humanlike Good Will, 19 October 2009) found that chimpanzees trained to use sticks to retrieve straws (to drink juice) that were out of reach, utilized their training to sustain others that had not been trained 75% of the time when these chimpanzees, whom they were unfamiliar with, appeared to ask assistance.

Xi. Warfare:

Consistent with human behavior, chimpanzees (with the exception of bonobos) are fiercely territorial and may engage in war albeit primitive combat analogous to prehistoric man. Even though chimpanzees use rocks or their hands and feet in raw combat, the day of using spears and other crude weapons may not be far behind. At isolated times, chimpanzees have also displayed the same tendencies as humans for hate, rape, torture, mutilation, and genocide (documented in two certified cases).

The longest Chimpanzee war - the Gombe War (1974-1977), which originated when the Kasekela society split into two groups (with the new group, the Kahama community, appealing into a new valley in 1972) and ended in genocide was documented by Jane Goodall in The Chimpanzees of Gombe (Belknap Press, 1986). Beginning in 1974, the Kasekela males formed a group and advanced into Kahama territory. Once there, they initiated violent aggression against the Kahama chimpanzees with the intent to kill since bodily assaults did not cease until their victims were thoroughly incapacitated and mortally injured. During the attacks that lasted into 1977, the Kasekela males displayed "considerable excitement and enjoyment" as they imaginable capturing and actively killed their victims (who were mutilated and cannibalistically eaten or partially eaten). The Gombe War only ended when the Kahama society was thoroughly exterminated and their lands taken over by the Kasekela community.

Per Wired for war? (World Science, February 2005), in August 1998 "researchers in Uganda [observed] a group of male chimpanzees beating on and swaggering colse to another male chimp's freshly killed body. Its windpipe, fingernails, [toenails] and testicles were torn out." Per Apes of war... Is it in our genes? the dead chimpanzee "was [also] covered with 30 or 40 puncture wounds and lacerations [with its] ribs sticking up out of the rib cage." Based on the deceased's injuries, it "was clear that some of the males had held him down, while the others attacked."

Generally when chimpanzees engage in war, a group of males sneak into the territory of another society and seek isolated males or older females (and sometimes their young) to attack. Consistent with human hunter-gatherer societies (of which war is endemic with 64% appealing in fighting every two years per Apes of war... Is it in our genes?) chimpanzees often fight over resources such as food and females - often exploiting and plundering captured territory. Ironically, human activities such as logging, as reported in the May 13, 1997 edition of The New York Times are also contributing to chimpanzee wars as their habitats are taken away forcing communities to recession into the territory of other communities.

Xii. Lab study and Ethical Implications:

With conclusive proof that chimpanzees and other great apes are sentient beings (which improve adaptability and survival) possessing human traits (e.g. Emotions such as stress and fear), similar nervous systems (that enable them to taste the same qualitative pain and suffering), and greater than 90% identical genetic code, ethical factors dictate that lab research, which forcibly utilizes them as unconsenting test subjects be banned, especially since such experiments have yielded few, if any tangible benefits.

A spin of 749 published experiments appealing chimpanzees over a ten year period from 1995-2004 as stated in Chimpanzee experiments: Questionable contributions to biomedical improve by Andrew Knight (Aatex, 6th World Congress on Alternatives & Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 21-25 August 2007) found that only 14.7% of such experiments utilized "well advanced methods for combating human diseases" and most notably, "no chimpanzee study made an necessary contribution, or in most cases, a necessary gift of any kind."

Per Non-Human Primates in curative Research: Sensible or Dispensible by Jarrod Bailey, Ph.D. (September 2006), "every area of [non-human primate (Nph)] study provides evidence against its utility" based on the below scientific evidence:

1. Nhps do not establish Aids when infected with Hiv; experimental results cannot be confidently extrapolated to humans [and] none of Nhp-tested vaccines succeeded in humans [despite billions of dollars in expenses].

2. Nhp experiments have failed to lead to [understand] the Hepatitis (Hpv) infection, [create vaccines], and understand hepatocellular damage.

3. Nhp models have failed to familiarize us of Alzheimer's disease pathology [since they do not get Alzheimer's].

4. Basal differences in the symptoms and pathology of Parkinson's Disease exist in the middle of humans and Nhps.

5. Of approximately 150 drugs for strokes found successful in animals (often Nhps), none have been successful in humans.

6. Hormone exchange therapy found effective against heart disease and strokes in Nhps increased the risk in humans.

7. necessary differences exist in viral infection and disease in the middle of humans and Nhps.

8. Genetic expression when it comes to disease (e.g. 20 out of 333 genes involved in human cancer are dissimilar in Nhps) is too dissimilar with commonality found in only 20% of proteins in the middle of humans and Nhps.

Although study on chimpanzees and other great apes is banned in many countries, it is still carried out in the United States, despite protections under the Chimpanzee health Improvement, Maintenance and protection Act.

Perhaps the most compelling seminar for banning the use of chimpanzees as test subjects in laboratories is a study that found that surviving lab chimpanzees suffered from similar levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (Ptsd) (which can be long-lasting and whose symptoms include but are not minuscule to anger, fear, depression, anxiety, etc.) as human torture victims. Lab confined chimpanzees (often held in caged, isolated, unpredictable environments over which they have no control) have engaged in self-mutilation due to the severe bodily and mental distress they are forced to endure. Per Undercover Investigation Reveals Cruelty to Chimps at study Lab (The Humane society of the United States, 4 March 2009), "infant monkeys scream as they are forcibly removed from their mothers... Chimpanzees exhibit intense fear... When forced to move toward [a needle] in their squeeze cages [and one chimpanzee, Siafu even] attempted to plead with staff [using] crude begging gestures."

When the British Government banned the use of chimpanzees for study in 1986, recounted by Steve Connor, Science Editor for The Independent in Shut chimpanzee study center, say scientists (27 March 2001), it was cited as "a matter of morality. The cognitive and behavioural [sic] characteristics and qualities of these animals mean it is unethical to treat them as expendable for research." Not surprisingly, the European Union is appealing towards banning the use of chimpanzees in labs.

Per Connor, "the improvement of new techniques in genetic engineering, which has allowed many 'models' of human diseases to be created using [genetically-manipulated] rats and mice, has undermined the case of using chimps in curative research" as has the high cost in terms of dollars, pain and suffering, and ethics.

Xiii. Legal Precedents towards Species-Practical Human Rights:

As calls for banning chimpanzee study broaden, governments and courts are also establishing legal precedents to recognize their special status primarily because of their self-awareness and potential to think about oneself in the bodily and mental realms, which by comparison a complex level of abstract mental found most notably in humans.

In 1986, Britain became the first country to ban experimentation on chimpanzees and other great apes. New Zealand's parliament followed in 1999 with the Netherlands and Australia doing likewise in 2002 and 2003, respectively.

In September 2005, a Bahia, Brazil court presided by Judge Edmundo Lúcio da Cruz granted Habeas Corpus protection to a 23 year-old chimpanzee, Suiça so that she could be transferred from confinement in a zoo's cage with minuscule intellectual stimulation to a sanctuary where she could enjoy a Public life (with 35 other chimpanzees), the possibility of raising a family, and open spaces. In doing so, Suiça, who never made it to the sanctuary, having died unexpectedly, became the first animal recognized as a legal subject.

In June 2008, Spain's parliament passed a precedent-setting resolution granting human rights to chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans stating that these non-human hominids should enjoy the right to life, relaxation and that their bodily integrity be protected against torture.

In December 2009 as reported by University World News (20 December 2009), "a ban on using great apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orang-utans for scientific testing [was] broadly accepted" by the European Parliament and Eu Council of Ministers field to minor changes in text for final approval.

Xiv. Conclusion:

Based on the noteworthy cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, the fact that they exceptionally close to human and drawing nearer as scientific evidence mounts, it is necessary that they and other sentient creatures (e.g. Great apes, dolphins) be afforded protections to recognize their special status - namely that captivity is only used to conserve the species. When such captivity is necessary, it is imperative that they be given the respect and intellectual stimulation they deserve, their individuality is honored, and most importantly, laws be enacted to prohibit their use as unconsenting guinea pigs subjected to unnecessary torture, pain, and suffering.

_______

[1] T. Matsuno and M. Tomonaga. An advantage for concavities in shape perception by chimpanzees. (Primate study Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 3 March 2007).

[2] Chimpanzees as Artists. Artists Ezine. 29 December 2009. Http://www.artistsezine.com/WhyChimp.htm

Additional Reference:

Chimpanzees. Global operation Network. (Montreal, Canada. 2005). 26 December 2009. Http://www.gan.ca/animals/chimpanzees.en.html

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One of the pleasures of visiting villages in the rural areas of Malaysia is to watch the playing of customary games. It is even good to share in one of the games. Some of the simpler games played by children come from nature, such as using red saga seeds as marbles, catching a wild spider to pit it against another spider, walking on "stilts" made of coconut shells, and using rubber seeds as conkers. However, there are many games that are also zealously played by adults that often hold spectators in awe.

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Top Spinning
Top spinning draws excited yells and shouts from both spectators and players. Strength, skill and corporal dexterity are needed to kick off a top, which is as big as a Frisbees and weighing as much as five kilogrames. Tops are usually of two favorite designs. The gasing jantung is heart-shaped while the gasing uri is flattened in shape. There are two types of competitions: durability and knockout. In the durability competition, the gasing uri is launched and, once spinning, it is scooped up with a small wooden paddle. It is then transferred onto a small post and allowed to spin. The winner is the top which spins the longest - sometimes it can spin for two hours. In a knockout competition, a player tries to knock another player's spinning top face a circle using his own top. The ropes used for launching a top are separate for each of its function. To maximize its spin, the rope is usually long and thin; while a top used for remarkable is usually spun using a thick and short rope. The performance of a kick off by a devotee top spinner is done in fluid but great movements. Tops are usually made of the merbau and afzella trees, and top-making requires great skill. Top-spinning competitions are often organised on a state, national and international level. Brunei, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand and Japan are among the keen participants in top-spinning competitions.

Kite Flying
Kite flying can be seen throughout the country though it is more favorite in the East Coast, where farmers fly them on the levelled paddy fields after a harvest. A kite usually portion 1.7 metres in height and 1.5 metres from tip to tip of its wing. The most favorite shape of the kite is the crescent moon (wau bulan) though other shapes are also found, which are abstract versions of animals such as cat, peacock, hawk, fish, eagle and quail. The tail of a kite is decorated with tassels while a bow is often attached across its neck. When the kite is flown, the bow produces a high-pitched humming noise. The bow is plainly a strip of ribbon stretched over a strip of bamboo. A kite, is made of bamboo strips and foil paper, and its artwork is usually formalised by tradition. For instance, a required element in customary found is to have a large central flower or "ibu" in the centre of the kite; furthermore, vines must emanate from the base of the kite and associate logically.

Two types of kite flying competitions are in vogue: cutting and performance. In a cutting competition, the string of a kite is glazed with glass powder so that it can cut the string of an opponenet's kite, causing it to lose flight. In a performance competition, judges make your mind up a winner based on the flight characteristics of the kite such as a vertical kick off and maximum height achieved.

Playing Of Rebana Ubi
In the state of Kelantan, after the harvesting of paddy, the playing of rebana ubi by villagers is a favorite pastime. A rebana ubi is a giant drum measuring one metre in diametre and weighing 100 kg. It is made from a hollowed-out log and is painted in enchanting colours. Bamboo sticks decorated with tinsel and flowers fan out from its centre like the spokes of a bicycle. The drum produces a thunderous roll when beaten with a stick. In a competition, players in customary costumes compete in teams of six who play separate sized drums. They are often dressed in customary tunic and headgear, which enhances the gaiety and excitement of the event. They beat the drums continuously for 30 minutes, producing complicated rhythms in harmony. Judging is based on the complexity and consistency of the beat and synchronized movements of the players.

Congkak
Played by two persons, congkak has existed since the time of the Melaka Sultanate in the 15th century. The tool used is a boat-shaped wooden board with two rows of holes (usually 12) and one large hole (rumah) at each end. Each player's rumah is the large hole at the left. The holes are filled with rubber seeds (or marbles). Each player's aim is to move the seeds in a clockwise direction straight through the holes to his rumah while observing several rules of the game. The player who gets the most of the seeds in the rumah wins.

Galah Panjang
This game does not want any equipment. It is played by two teams of not less than 4 players in each team. A playing area consisting of a grid of six rectangles is required. A badminton court is an ideal place as the lines are already drawn. One team is the attacker while the other is the defender. The object of the game is for the attacking team to progressively enter the defending team's area without being tagged by any member of the defending team. The "attack" can be done either individually or in groups.

Tarik Upih
The flower-sheath of the betel nut or nibong palm is used in this game of speed. A team consists of a someone seated on the upih and another someone who pulls it. Whichever team that crosses the designated finishing line first is the winner.

Sepak Bulu Ayam
Literally meaning "kicking chicken feather", this game requires only a straightforward and cost-economical equipment. A nail is inserted straight through a few circular piece of rubber of 2 inches in diametre. Usually, the rubber pieces are cut from the inner tube of a bike tyre. Five of six chicken feathers are tied to the nail with tape or rubber band. The game can now begin! The object of the game is to kick the bulu ayam for as many times as inherent using only the instep of the feet. Therefore players can compete individually or as a team.

Main Lereng
This game requires only the metal rim of a bike wheel and a stick. Individuals or teams use the stick to roll the bike rim over a predetermined distance. The winner is the player or team who completes the length first.

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